Clima organizacional y liderazgo en un instituto de salud pública mexicano / Organizational climate and leadership at a Mexican public health institute

Introducción: El estilo de dirección y el clima organizacional son elementos importantes que tienden a influir sobre la manera en que un trabajador realiza sus actividades laborales y la forma en que atiende al paciente o usuario. Objetivo: Determinar los estilos de liderazgo y clima organizacional sobre la base de la comunicación, que prevalece en los trabajadores que laboran en un instituto de salud pública mexicano del centro del país. Métodos: Investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva, correlacional y transaccional. Se aplicó el cuestionario Instrumento de Medición de Clima Organizacional y Liderazgo a trabajadores subordinados y directivos que laboran en un instituto de salud pública del centro del país. Se obtuvo un coeficiente de confiabilidad Alpha de Cronbach de 0,86. Resultados: Un total de 152 trabajadores y 16 directivos, muestran una tendencia relacionada con la existencia de una calidad de clima regular para toda el área y un tipo de liderazgo autócrata consultador y administrador de consensos. Conclusiones: Cuando se obtienen resultados con niveles de clima organizacional bajos es común que se acentúen los problemas comunicativos dentro de la empresa. Esto origina que no exista una adecuada comunicación entre jefes y trabajadores, lo que trae como consecuencia una inestabilidad del clima laboral propiciada, en su mayor parte, por el estilo de liderazgo utilizado(AU)

Introduction: Management style and organizational climate are important elements that tend to influence how workers perform work activities and how they care for the patient or user. Objective: Determine leadership styles and organizational climate based on communication, which prevails in workers at a Mexican public health institute in the central area of the country. Methods: Quantitative, descriptive, correlational and transactional research. The questionnaire Instrument for The Measurement of Organizational Climate and Leadership was applied to subordinate workers and managers working at a public health institute in the central area of the country. A Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.86 was obtained. Results: A total of 152 workers and 16 managers show a trend related to the existence of a regular climate quality for the whole area and a type of autocrat consulting leadership and consensus manager. Conclusions: When results are obtained with low organizational climate levels, it is common that communication problems are more evident within the company. This results in inadequate communication between bosses and workers, resulting in instability of the working climate, mostly driven by the leadership style used(AU)

Resiliencia en un grupo de discapacitados físico motores / Resilience in a Group of People with Physical-Motor Handicaps

Introducción: Estudiar la resiliencia (enfrentamiento positivo ante la adversidad) permite comprender el afrontamiento a la discapacidad y poder reorientar mejor procesos interventivos y de rehabilitación. Objetivo: Caracterizar la resiliencia en personas con discapacidad físico motora adquirida. Método: Estudio descriptivo, transaccional, desde un paradigma mixto. Se trabajó con una muestra de 22 personas con discapacidad físico motora procedentes del municipio de Remedios, Villa Clara. Se aplicó entrevista individual semiestructurada y en profundidad, Escala de Resiliencia Connor-Davidson, Escala de autovaloración Dembo Rubinstein y técnica de los 10 deseos. Para el procesamiento de los datos se empleó análisis de contenido y estadísticos descriptivos con el paquete SPSS. Resultados: Los recursos personológicos, el uso de redes sociales y los estilos de afrontamiento resultaron los principales factores moduladores de la resiliencia. Se describieron estilos de afrontamiento a la discapacidad, siendo los más frecuentes en personas resilientes la reevaluación positiva y la búsqueda de apoyo social (72,7 por ciento) y en el grupo medianamente resiliente, la huida-evitación (27,3 por ciento). Conclusiones: Se identificaron factores moduladores de la resiliencia, los principales recursos personológicos que favorecen la conducta resiliente en las personas discapacitadas estudiadas y tipos de estrategias de afrontamiento que favorecen la resiliencia ante la discapacidad(AU)

Introduction: Studying resilience (coping positively with adversity) allows to understand coping with disability and to reorient intervention and rehabilitation processes better. Objective: To characterize resilience in people with acquired physical-motor disability. Method: Descriptive and transactional study carried out from a mixed paradigm. We worked with a sample of 22 people with physical-motor disabilities from Remedios Municipality, Villa Clara. A semistructured in-depth individual interview was applied, together with the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Dembo Rubinstein Self-Evaluation Scale, and the ten wishes technique. For data processing, content analysis and descriptive statistics were used with the SPSS package. Results: Personological resources, use of social networks and coping styles were the main modulating factors of resilience. Disability coping styles were described, the most frequent, in resilient people, being positive reassessment and seeking social support (72.7 percent); and, in the moderately resilient group, escape-avoidance (27.3 percent). Conclusions: Resilience-modulating factors were identified, together with the main personological resources that favor resilient behavior in the disabled people studied, and types of coping strategies that favor resilience to disability(AU)

Habilidades sociales y valores interpersonales de los estudiantes de la clínica odontológica / Correlation between the social skills and the interpersonal values of the students of a dentistry clinic

Objetivos: La investigación está orientada a estudiar la correlación entre las habilidades sociales y los valores interpersonales de los estudiantes de la Clínica de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Andina Néstor Cáceres Velásquez, 2015 en una muestra de 140 estudiantes. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una investigación no experimental, el tipo de diseño fue transaccional correlacional, los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Lista de Chequeo de Habilidades Sociales de Arnold Goldstein y el Cuestionario de Valores Interpersonales de Leonard V. Gordon. Resultados: las habilidades sociales se encuentran en un nivel desarrollado y poco desarrollado, mientras que los valores interpersonales presentan en su mayoría niveles medios y bajos siendo necesario su afianzamiento en ambos casos, para un mejor manejo de sus pacientes dentro de su formación profesional. Conclusiones: Se estableció una correlación positiva entre las habilidades sociales y los valores interpersonales entre los estudiantes. (AU)

Objectives: The research is aimed at studying the correlation between the social skills and the interpersonal values of the students of the Clinic of the Faculty of Dentistry of the Andean University Néstor Cáceres Velásquez, 2015 in a sample of 140 students. Material and Methods: A non-experimental investigation was conducted, the type of design was correlational transactional, the instruments used were the Arnold Goldstein Social Skills Checklist and the Leonard V. Gordon Interpersonal Values Questionnaire. Results: social skills are at a developed and underdeveloped level, while interpersonal values are mostly low and medium levels, and their reinforcement is necessary in both cases, in order to better manage their patients within their professional training. Conclusions: A positive correlation was established between social skills and interpersonal values among students. (AU)

Constrained relationship agency as the risk factor for intimate partner violence in different models of transactional sex

Women who engage in transactional sex are more likely to experience intimate partner violence (IPV) and are at higher risk of HIV. However, women engage in transactional sex for a variety of reasons and the precise mechanism linking transactional sex and IPV is not fully understood. We conducted a behavioural survey with a cross-sectional sample of 401 women attending 1 rural and 1 urban public antenatal clinic in Swaziland between February and June 2014. We used structural equation modelling to identify and measure constrained relationship agency (CRA) as a latent variable, and then tested the hypothesis that CRA plays a significant role in the pathway between IPV and transactional sex. After controlling for CRA, receiving more material goods from a sexual partner was not associated with higher levels of physical or sexual IPV and was protective against emotional IPV. CRA was the single largest predictor of IPV, and more education was associated with decreased levels of constrained relationship agency. Policies and interventions that target transactional sex as a driver of IPV and HIV may be more successful if they instead target the broader social landscape that constrains women's agency and drives the harmful aspects of transactional sex

Estudo comparativo entre as técnicas manual e automática de demarcação de borda para avaliação de área de úlceras por pressão / Comparative study between manual and automatic techniques to pinpoint wound edges during pressure ulcers perimeter evaluation

Objetivo: comparar a acurácia entre a técnica manual e automática de demarcação da borda da ferida para cálculo de área pelo software ImageJ para avaliação de úlceras por pressão (UP). Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo transversal controlado com análise computacional de imagens realizada em 35 fotografias digitais de úlceras por pressão (UP) localizadas nas regiões sacral, trocanteriana e isquiática. O software utilizado para cálculo de propriedades (ImageJ) é um recurso não invasivo, reprodutível, objetivo e de uso viável na prática clínica para delimitação da área de feridas. Utilizou-se o software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) para a análise descritiva dos dados, concordância entre as medidas pelo procedimento de Bland e Atman. Resultados: observou-se pouca concordância entre as técnicas. A técnica automática denominada Brightness/Contrast demonstrou medidas mais aproximadas à técnica manual para avaliação de área de UP. Conclusão: ambas as técnicas computacionais, manual e automática do software ImageJ, para cálculo de área de UP, demonstraram boa correlação positiva, mas também pouca concordância entre as técnicas, quando comparadas.

Objective: to compare the accuracy between manual and automatic perimeter estimation technique to pinpoint wound edges using the software ImageJ to ascertain pressure ulcers (PU). Methodology: through a controlled transversal investigation using 35 pressure ulcers (PU) digital photographs taken in the sacral, trochanter and ischium areas. The software used to determine its properties (ImageJ) is a noninvasive, objective and reproducible practical resource to use in clinical practice to delimit the wound area. The SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software made possible a descriptive analysis of data and concordance between the measurements using Bland and Altman procedure. Results: a slight agreement between the techniques has been discovered. The automated technique known as Brightness/Contrast displayed results closer to the manual technique to estimate PU area. Conclusion: both computational techniques, manual and automatic, of the ImageJ software to estimate PU area showed sound positive correlation, but also limited correlation between the techniques, when cross-checked.

Objetivo: comparar la precisión entre la técnica manual y automatizada de demarcación de borde de la lesión para calcular el área por el software ImageJ para evaluación de úlceras por decúbito (UD). Metodología: tratase de una investigación transversal manejada con el análisis computacional de imágenes de 35 fotografías digitales de úlceras por decúbito (UD) localizadas en las regiones sacra, regiones trocanteras e isquiática. El software utilizado para el cálculo de propiedades (ImageJ) es un recurso no invasivo, reproducible, objetivo e de uso manejable en la práctica clínica para la demarcación del área de las lesiones. Se aplicó el software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) para el análisis descriptivo de los datos, conformidad entre las mediciones por intermedio del método Bland y Atman. Resultados: se constató conformidad limitada entre las técnicas. La técnica automática denominada Brightness/Contrast demostró mediciones más próximas a la técnica manual para evaluación del área UD. Conclusión: las dos técnicas computacionales, manual y automatizada del software ImageJ, para el cálculo del área UD, han revelado gran correlación positiva, pero también poca correlación entre las técnicas, cuando comparadas.

'Something for Something': The Importance of Talking about Transactional Sex with Youth in South Africa Using a Resilience-Based Approach

Transactional sex is a common feature of sexual relationships in South Africa but has severe health implications for those who engage in it. This paper presents perspectives on transactional sex based on interviews and focus group discussions with young people in Gauteng and Limpopo; South Africa. The discussions were part of an evaluation of a peer education programme promoting HIV prevention called Vhutshilo; aimed at 14-16 year olds. The session on transactional sex entitled 'Something for Something' evoked strong responses from youth. Youth recognised transactional sex as a common phenomenon in their communities and associated it with many risks. However; when comparing young people's qualitative responses to the impact of the session as measured by the quantitative impact survey; no significant differences were discernible between youth in the programme and those in a control group who were not exposed to the session. Further analysis showed that the content of the session was limited to the negative consequences and health risks of transactional sex and focused mostly on the adverse contexts in South Africa that force youth into such relationships. The session did little to situate transactional relationships within the everyday realities of sexual decision making and youth values of peer status and consumerism. We argue that the session's findings reveal a narrow understanding of the dynamic contexts under which transactional sex occurs and fails to take into account the resilience of youth to make choices of whether or not to engage in such relationships; and how they can engage in these types of relationships safely. We conclude that HIV prevention curriculums need to leverage youth resilience and protective skills within the confines of difficult economic and social circumstances to allow them to successfully navigate safer sexual

The relationship between ego-state and communication skills in medical students / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between ego-states and communication skills in medical students. METHODS: A total of 109 medical school students participated in this study, which used the communication skills self-test papers and the Egogram checklist. The data were analyzed by frequency analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis. RESULTS: Ego-state was related to communication skills. In particular, adapted child ego-state was negatively associated with each sphere of communication skills. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that ego-state types should be considered in developing a communication skills education program for medical students.

Taxi 'Sugar Daddies' and Taxi queens: Male Taxi Driver Attitudes Regarding Transactional Relationships in the Western Cape; South Africa

Media reports are emerging on the phenomenon of young girls who travel with older mini-bus taxi drivers; and who are thought to have sex with the drivers in exchange for gifts and money. The extent to which such relationships might facilitate unsafe sexual practices and increased risks for both the men and the young women; often referred to as taxi queens; remains an important question in the light of the current challenges of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. However; very little research has been undertaken on this issue; especially regarding the perceptions and experiences of taxi drivers. Thus this paper aims to provide some preliminary findings on taxi drivers' attitudes and beliefs about taxi queens and their relationships with taxi drivers. A 22-item questionnaire was administered to 223 male taxi drivers in two regions in the Western Cape Province; South Africa. Taxi drivers in this study largely saw the relationship between taxi drivers and the young girls who ride with them as providing status for both the girls and drivers; and there seemed to be recognition of the transactional nature of the relationship between taxi drivers and taxi queens. The stigmatisation of young girls who ride with taxi drivers was evident. Drivers had knowledge and awareness of the risks of unsafe sex and supported condom use; although there appeared to be some uncertainty and confusion about the likelihood of HIV infection between drivers and girls. While taxi drivers recognised the role of alcohol in relationships with young girls; they seemed to deny that the abuse of drugs was common. The study highlights a number of key areas that need to be explored with men in the taxi industry; in order to address risk behaviours for both taxi drivers and the girls who ride with them

Uma experiência de psicoterapia de grupo dentro da Estratégia Saúde da Família / An experience of group psychotherapy in the Brazilian Family Health Program / Una experiencia de psicoterapia de grupo dentro de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia

Este trabalho avaliou um Grupo de Saúde Mental desenvolvido na Estratégia Saúde da Família, baseado na análise transacional associada à terapia cognitivo-comportamental, descrevendo o impacto desta intervenção na melhoria da qualidade de vida da população atendida. Na Unidade Básica de Saúde Cruz das Almas, da Prefeitura de São Paulo, desde janeiro de 2007, realiza-se um grupo de Saúde Mental, com a frequência de uma vez por semana, com duração de uma hora. Neste grupo, os participantes discutem temas de seus interesses e aprendem técnicas de psicoterapia para lidarem com eventos do cotidiano e manejarem suas emoções e comportamentos de forma construtiva. O grupo é aberto aos interessados em participar das sessões de terapia, constituindo-se, em sua maioria, de pacientes acompanhados pelas equipes do Programa Saúde da Família e encaminhados ao Grupo de Saúde Mental. Ao ingressarem ao grupo, os pacientes preenchem o questionário sobre a saúde do(a) paciente, versão brasileira, conhecida pela sigla PHQ-9. Após frequentarem o grupo por, no mínimo, 12 sessões, os participantes preenchem um questionário de autoavaliação, informando sobre sua sensação de melhora em relação à sua saúde, melhora na autoestima e nos relacionamentos pessoais, e a visão mais positiva da vida e das outras pessoas. Dos participantes avaliados, 40 preencheram o questionário PHQ-9. Destes, nove (22,5%) tiveram pontuação de zero a quatro (sem depressão); seis (15%) tiveram pontuação de cinco a nove (depressão leve); dez (25%) tiveram pontuação de 10 a 14 (depressão moderada); sete (17,5%) tiveram pontuação de 15 a 19 (depressão moderada a grave); e oito (20%) tiveram pontuação de 20 ou mais (depressão grave). Dos 65 pacientes que responderam ao questionário de autoavaliação após pelo menos 12 sessões de terapia, 51 (78%) relataram visão mais positiva da vida e dos outros com a terapia; 44 (67%) referiram melhora da autoestima; 52 (80%), melhora nos relacionamentos e 53 (81%), melhora em relação à saúde. A melhora relatada pelos pacientes nas diversas áreas de suas vidas aponta para a importância desse tipo de abordagem dentro da Estratégia Saúde da Família, e para o impacto positivo da Psicoterapia baseada na Análise Transacional associada a técnicas cognitivo-comportamentais no tratamento de pacientes com transtornos mentais na Atenção Primária à Saúde.

This article evaluated an experiment carried out at the Family Health Program with the establishment of a Mental Health Group, based on transactional analysis associated with the cognitive-behavioral therapy, describing the impact of this intervention in improving the quality of life of the population served by the public system. In the Cruz das Almas Health Basic Unit, from São Paulo City Hall, a group of Mental Health has been happening since January, 2007, with the frequency of once a week, during one hour. In it, participants discuss topics of interest and learn psychotherapy techniques to deal with daily events and to manage their emotions and behaviors in a constructive way. The group is open to all those interested in participating in therapy sessions, being constituted, in most cases, by patients followed by the Family Health Program teams and sent to the Mental Health Group. When patients join the group, they fill out a questionnaire known as Patient Health Questionnaire, Brazilian version, known by the acronym PHQ-9. After attending the group for at least 12 sessions, participants complete a self-assessment questionnaire, informing about feeling better on their health, improved self-esteem, and personal relationships, and about having a more positive view of life and of other people. Of the evaluated participants, 40 completed the questionnaire. From these, nine (22.5%) had scores of zero to four (without depression); six (15%) scored five to nine (mild depression); ten (25%) had scores from 10 to 14 (moderate depression); seven (17.5%) had a score of 15 to 19 (moderate to severe depression); and eight (20%) had scores of 20 or more (severe depression). Of the 65 patients who completed the questionnaire for self-evaluation after at least 12 sessions of therapy, 51 (78%) reported a more positive view of life and of other people; 44 (67%) reported improved self-esteem; 52 (80%) related improvement in relationships and 53 (81%) improvement in relation to their health. The improvement reported by patients in different areas of their lives points to the importance of this approach within the Family Health Strategy and the positive impact of psychotherapy based on transactional analysis associated with cognitive-behavioral techniques in treating patients with mental disorders within the Health Primary Attention.

Este artículo evaluó un Grupo de Salud Mental desarrollado en la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia, basado en el análisis transaccional asociada con la terapia cognitivo-conductual, que describe el impacto de esta intervención en la mejora de la calidad de vida de la población atendida. En la Unidad Básica de Salud Cruz das Almas, de la Municipalidad de São Paulo, ha estado funcionando desde enero de 2007 un grupo de Salud Mental, con la frecuencia de una vez por semana, con una duración de una hora. En este grupo, los participantes discuten temas de su interés y aprenden técnicas de psicoterapia para hacer frente a los acontecimientos cotidianos y gestionar sus emociones y conductas de una manera constructiva. El grupo está abierto a todos los interesados en participar en las sesiones de terapia, siendo, en su mayoría, pacientes seguidos por los equipos de la del Programa Salud de la Familia y enviados al Grupo de Salud Mental. Al participar en el grupo, los pacientes completan el cuestionario sobre la salud del paciente, versión brasileña, conocida como el PHQ-9. Después de asistir al grupo por lo menos 12 sesiones, los participantes llenan un cuestionario de auto-evaluación, informando sobre su sensación de mejora en relación con su salud, la mejora de la autoestima y las relaciones personales y sobre su visión más positiva de la vida y de las otras personas. De los participantes evaluados, 40 completaron el cuestionario PHQ-9. De estos, nove (22,5%) tuvieron una puntuación de cero a cuatro (sin depresión); seis (15%) tuvieron una puntuación de cinco a nove (depresión leve); dez (25%) tuvieron una puntuación de 10 a 14 (depresión moderada); siete (17,5%) tuvieron una puntuación de 15 a 19 (depresión moderada a severa); y ocho (20%) tuvieron puntuaciones de 20 o más (depresión severa). De los 65 pacientes que completaron el cuestionario de auto-evaluación después de al menos 12 sesiones de terapia, 51 (78%) reportaron una visión más positiva de la vida y de las otras personas; 44 (67%) reportaron mejora de la autoestima; 52 (80%) reportaron mejora en las relaciones y 53 (81%), mejora en relación con su salud. La mejora reportada por los pacientes en las diferentes áreas de sus vidas muestra la importancia de este enfoque dentro de la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia y para el impacto positivo de la Psicoterapia basada en el Análisis Transaccional asociada con técnicas cognitivo-conductuales en el tratamiento de pacientes con trastornos mentales en la Atención Primaria de Salud.

Adaptação humana em contextos desportivos: contributos da teoria para a avaliação psicológica / Human adaptation in sport contexts: contributions from theory topsychological assessment

Este trabalho analisa as aplicações do modelo Transaccional Cognitivo, Motivacional e Relacional de Lazarus aoscontextos desportivos, nomeadamente ao estudo do confronto dos atletas com o stress. Dois dos problemas maisevidentes na aplicação deste modelo ao estudo da adaptação humana em situações de rendimento prendem-se àcomplexidade de testar os vários pressupostos num único estudo e na falta de metodologias de avaliação que facilitemesta tarefa. Neste sentido, este trabalho analisa os conceitos fundamentais subjacentes ao modelo, propondo igualmenteum guião de entrevista que avalia cada um desses domínios, usando como exemplo o confronto com situações de stress.Assim, é desenvolvido o guião de Entrevista de Avaliação Psicológica de Atletas: Gestão de Stress (EAPA-GS),dividindo-se em cinco secções I) informação pessoal e desportiva; II) análise das situações de stress; III) análise dosprocessos de avaliação cognitiva e “coping”; IV) experiência emocional; e V) finalização.

This work analyses the application of Lazarus’ Cognitive-Motivational-Relational Theory to sport contexts, namely theevaluation and coping processes assumed in stressful situations. Two of the most obvious problems in applying thismodel to the study of human adaptation in performance situations relates to the complexity of testing the severalassumptions of the model in a single study and the lack of assessment tolls that facilitate this task. Thus, this paperexamines the main concepts underlying the model, and also proposes an interview guide that evaluates each of theseareas, using as example the evaluation and coping process with stress. The interview guide (“Psychological Evaluation ofAthletes: Stress Management”) is divided into five sections i) personal and sport information; ii) analysis of situations ofstress; iii) analysis of evaluation and coping processes; iv) analysis of emotional experiences; and v) finalization.

El estrés como amenaza y como reto: un análisis de su relación / Stress as a threat and as a challenge: an analysis of their relationship

El enfoque tradicional de la psicología acerca de las reacciones ante una situación de estrés ha estado centrado en los resultados patológicos (Siegel y Schrimshaw 2000; Peiró 2008). Por otro lado, desde la psicología positiva se hace hincapié en las emociones, actitudes y acciones que conducen al bienestar y a la obtención de lugares de trabajo positivos (Simmons y Nelson 2001). No obstante, ambas perspectivas no son excluyentes, ya que se ha puesto de manifiesto que las emociones positivas pueden coexistir con las negativas durante circunstancias estresantes y adversas. Este enfoque ha sido recogido en los modelos transaccionales del estrés. En esta línea, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo principal investigar el proceso de valoración del estrés para explorar los patrones de las relaciones existentes entre la valoración de los potenciales estresores como amenaza y como reto. La muestra está compuesta por 603 profesionales de centros de Servicios Sociales de la Comunidad Valenciana, España; el 82 por ciento son mujeres, con una edad media de 37.52 años. Se realizaron análisis de conglomerados (2 fases). Los resultados muestran que existen tres patrones diferentes de valoración del estrés como amenaza y como reto. Un primer patrón (cluster1) se caracteriza por niveles medios de valoración de estrés como amenaza y como reto; un segundo patrón (cluster 2) se caracteriza por niveles bajos valoración de estrés como amenaza y como reto; y, por último, un tercer patrón (cluster 3) se caracteriza por altos niveles de valoración de estrés como amenaza y bajos niveles de valoración de estrés como reto. Sin embargo, en los tres casos, la responsabilidad personal se valora como un reto en los tres patrones. Se discuten los resultados, aportaciones y limitaciones del presente estudio.

The traditional approach of psychology to reactions to a stress situation has been focused on the pathological results (Siegel and Schrimshaw, 2000; Peiró, 2008). On the other hand, from positive psychology emphasis is put on emotions, attitudes and actions that lead to wellbeing and to getting positive work places (Simmons y Nelson, 2007). However, both perspectives are not excluding, since it is has been shown that positive emotions may coexist with negative ones during stressing and adverse circumstances. This approach has used in the transactional models of stress. In this line, this paper has as its main objective to investigate the process of stress assessment for exploring the clusters of relationships existing between the assessment of potential stressors as a threat and as a challenge. The sample is made up of 603 professionals of Social Service Centers of the Valentian Community, Spain; an 82 percent are females with a mean age of 37.52 years. Cluster analyses were conducted ( 2 phases). The findings show that there are three different patterns of stress assessment as a threat and as a challenge. The first pattern (cluster 1) is characterized by medium levels of stress assessment as a threat and as a challenge, a second pattern (cluster 2) is characterized by low levels of stress assessment as a threat and as a challenge and lastly, a third pattern (cluster 3) which is characterized by high levels of stress assessment as a threat and low levels of stress assessment as a challenge. However, in the three cases, personal responsibility is assessed as a challenge in the three patterns. Findings, contributions and limitations of this study are discussed.

Isometric muscle strength measurements and assessment: a pilot study / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the anthropometric parameters and the isometric muscle strength in a working population sample in China, and to investigate the relationship between muscle strength and individual attributes, such as age, gender, height and weight.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The study population consisted of 146 male and 47 female people including workers, administrators and college students. Four types of muscle strength, i.e., handgrip, arm lift, shoulder lift, and torso pull, were measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Left handgrip, right handgrip, arm lift, shoulder lift and torso pull of male workers were (42.07 +/- 7.20), (43.92 +/- 7.14), (26.79 +/- 4.64), (33.79 +/- 6.88), (88.56 +/- 17.98) kg, respectively while those of female workers were (21.29 +/- 5.09), (23.26 +/- 5.47), (13.29 +/- 3.37), (18.52 +/- 4.01), (41.06 +/- 12.04) kg, respectively. The female's strength was about 50% lower than the male's. The strength in the 40 approximately years old group was higher than that in other age groups. There were significant positive correlation between the gender and the isometric strength as well as between the body weight and the isometric strength. If the body weight served as the corrected parameter, there was no significant difference in the handgrip among the groups (P < 0.05), but the torso pull of male workers > college students > administrators. All relative muscle strengths except the torso pull were similar for all age groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The body weight as the independent variable can be used for establishing the predictive equation of the muscle strength. Calculation of the relative muscle strength can relieve the interference of the body weight for the muscle strength.</p>

Algumas considerações sobre a clínica atual / Contemporaneous clinic: some considerations

A partir da consideração de certas especificidades na demanda por análise hoje em dia, o autor busca discutir como tem se empenhado em ajudar que os pacientes se conscientizem de suas demandas e também possam aceitar um processo analítico nos moldes clássicos. A chamada Clínica Atual é discutida e é também mostrado por meio de exemplos clínicos de várias entrevistas, como o autor tem trabalhado as questões envolvidas na busca por tratamento. Estas questões estão ligadas ao que os pacientes desejam como análise e como se opõem a um setting com um número elevado de sessões. Nas vinhetas clínicas apresentadas procura-se mostrar o prévio trabalho que é feito ao início da análise propriamente dita.

Study on the Ego states and Coping Style of Nursing Students / 여성건강간호학회지

The purpose of this study is to analyze the type of ego states and stress coping style on female college students who are in the course of nursing study. This study is performed in the view of Transactional Analysis and designed to scrutinize descriptive correlations between the type of ego states and stress coping style. The subject is consists of 144 freshmen and sophomore, 138 junior and senior students group, who are students of K nursing college located in Seoul. The sampling investigation period is on Sept. 14, 2002 to Oct. 26, 2002. The measuring instrument used for Transactional Analysis ego state is 50 items Ego-gram research paper devised by Dusay(1997). For studying coping stlye, Folkman & Lazarus's measurement(1984) was adopted, which is translated and modified by Han, and Oh,(1990). Statistic average and standard deviation were generated by using SPSS PC+, t-test and Pearson correlation. The results were as follows: 1) In the type of ego states on both groups(lower group : freshmen, sophomore upper group : junior, senior) indicated the arithmetic apex NP(maximum value), then the point A was high and the data made a down slope to point AC. In the comparison to type of ego states between two groups, only at point CP, the data value of upper year students represented higher than that of lower year ones by C(t=2.28, p= .023). In the psychological energy level of ego states, both groups indicated average level.2) Stress coping style of whole students were highly and affirmatively dedicated to research. Consecutive consequences follow like this(high to low) : the central point of problem, search for social support, hopeful aspect and indifference. Especially hopeful aspect(t= .67, p= .05), relaxation of tension(t=-2.16, p= .03) made significant difference each other in the view of arithmetic calculation 3) While verifying coping style in terms of ego states level between lower and upper students group, In type CP, high level ego states group indicated significant difference on stress coping style area than low leveled group and made such sequences as the central point of problem, hopeful aspect, search for social support, positive interest and relaxation of tension. In type NP, sequences such as the central point of problem, search for social support, positive interest and relaxation of tension were emerged with little differences. In type A, the central point of problem, positive interest and relaxation of tension. In type FC, hopeful aspect, search for social support, positive interest and relaxation of tension. In type AC, hopeful aspect and indifference were derived significantly different(p< .05). 4) In the aspect of relation between ego states and coping style, type CP presented the central point of problem and relaxation of tension, type NP presented positive interest, search for social support and the central point of problem, type A showed the central point of problem, positive interest and relaxation of tension, type FC showed relaxation of tension, positive interest, search for social support, indifference and the central point of problem, type AC showed hopeful aspect, indifference and the central point of problem. All the sequence shown above had high-to-low procedure and represented static relations each other(p< .05).

As posições existenciais de Eric Berne em mulheres com fibromialgia / The Eric Berne existential positions in women with fibromyalgia

A fibromialgia é um fenômeno doloroso, onde as dimensões físicas, cognitivas, afetivas, espirituais e sociais constituem uma complexa malha de interações intra e interpessoais alimentada pela história de vida de cada personagem...

Padronizaçäo do teste desiderativo no contexto da análise transacional: resultados preliminares / Standartization of the pigem's test in the context of transactional analysis: first results

Este artigo aborda um teste projetivo - o Teste Desiderativo, e as autoras trabalharam com vistas à sua padronizaçäo, usando a Análise Transacional, como linhateórico-referencial. Com este objetivo, realizaram uma pesquisa com uma amostra de 552 alunos universitários. Uma forma coletiva do teste foi aplicada aos sujeitos. Os principais achados foram: a ordem das escolhas e rejeiçöes näo foi a mesma encontrada por Ocampo, uma especialista do Teste Desiderativo. Sugere-se um aumento do número de perguntas, de modo a discriminar entre ser inanimado, força natural/fenômeno da natureza e abstraçäo; as escolhas mais freqüentes foram: Pássaro, Árvore, Estrela e Flor; as rejeiçöes mais freqüentes foram: Pedra, Capim/Grama e Rato; tais respostas foram consideradas vulgares; as razöes mais freqüentemente mencionadas para as escolhas foram: Liberdade; Impacto Estético; Utilidade/Reparaçäo; Despertar Admiraçäo/Fascinar; Movimento e Poder/Controle; as razöes mais freqüentemente mencionadas para as rejeiçöes foram: Agressividade/Destruiçäo; Dano; Sensaçöes Desagradáveis; Sentimentos Desagradáveis; Submissäo e Sujeira. As autoras fizeram uma primeira tentativa de interpretaçäo do teste, em termos de Análise Transacional

Humor como um fenômeno transicional na clínica psicanalítica: uma hipótese / Humor as a transitional phenomenon in the psychoanalytical clinic: a hypothesis

O presente artigo pensa a questão do Humor dentro da clínica psicanalítica como um instrumento a favor do tratamento para certos tipos de patologias. Considerando que o humor é uma contribuição dada à comicidade através do superego, ele poderia ser estimulado em determinados pacientes, como um fenômeno transicional, para ajudá-los a supotar o sofrimento advindo da realidade externa

The sound of music: quando nada mais há para ser visto / The sound of music: when there's nothing else to be seen

A autora trata das vicissitudes no caminho da subjetivação, quando vivências invasivas prematuras atropelam a experiência inaugural de uma certa ilusão necessária à criação da realidade-paradoxo proposto por Winnicott. Através de um caso clínico explora-se os surpreendentes caminhos pelos quais, diante do fracasso ambiental, outros elementos disponíveis podem se prestar para dar conta dessa falta

La enfermedad como experiencia transaccional / Disease as a transaccional experience

En este trabajo se examinan cómo a lo largo del siglo se desarrollaron los diferentes enfoques centrados en la interfaz entre la mente y el cuerpo, en pacientes que somatizan sus problemas psicosociales. Con la aparición del paradigma sistémico se amplía el contexto, incluyendo la familia, el grupo familiar y social y finalmente el contexto terapéutico, con una orientación que tiende a una mayor colaboración, circular e integradora entre las personas involucradas. Esta orientación supone que ningún evento biomédico sucede sin una repercusión psicosocial y ningún evento psicosocial ocurre sin una realidad biológica. Por lo que debe incluirse en el tratamiento no sólo una relación integradora de la enfermedad que incluya el aspecto psicofísico de la persona sino una complementariedad colaborativa no sólo con el terapeuta sino con el equipo médico e institucional.